Double trouble: on the value of twins-based estimation of the return to schooling

Several recent studies, including the Rouse (1999) and Behrman & Rosenzweig (1999) articles in this issue, use the schooling and wage variation between monozygotic twins to estimate the return to schooling. In this overview article, we summarize the results from this literature, and we examine the implications of endogenous determination of which twin goes to school longer and of measuring schooling with (possibly mean-reverting) error. Endogeneity of betweentwins schooling variation is strongly suggested by the extensive (mostly non-economic) literature documenting that the between-twins difference in birth weight is correlated with the between-twins differences in both schooling and IQ. We conclude that twins-based estimation is vulnerable to the same sort of inconsistency that afflicts conventional crosssectional estimation. We argue, however, that, if one starts with the presumption that endogenous schooling induces upward inconsistency in the estimated return to schooling, the new twins-based estimates may complement other approaches to tightening the upper bound on the return to schooling.  1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.